'Hurting memrories and benefical forgetting postratmatic stress disorders, biographical developments and social conflicts'

'Hurting memrories and benefical forgetting postratmatic stress disorders, biographical developments and social conflicts'

First edition, 2013, copyright @ 2013 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.
Elsevier 32 James Town London WW1 7BG
Linden Rutkowski

1.1
(P.3) 'Emotional experiences are remembered best and when such memories are re activated they are associated with emotions similar to those that have been felt during the event it's self.'

(p.3) 'These Memories can be associated of longing and love, a car accident and anxiety, of a situation where one behaved in a ridiculous  manner and shame, events where  one has been insulted and angered.'

(p.3) 'Negative life events can cause enduring psychological problems because memory prevails and when ever memories are activated concomitant negative emotions are experienced.  In some cases such memories can even be haunting … and cause repetitive psychological distress.'

(p.4) ' the initial event must have been an exceptional life threating event that cause serve anxiety reaction.. when ever this event is remembered, it is associated with a reexperience of serve anxiety, because it is painful, the afflicted person try to supress these memories.  This gives them more emotional power to them and makes their reoccurrence more frequent.'

(p.4) ' Intrusion … is recurring, unwilling memories and psychological inadequate attempts to supress them, like dissociation are the core of this lasting and disabling disorder'.

What is PTSD?
(p.4)
 'PTSD;
1. Memory- not only forgetting but remembering- plays an important role in the development of distress and mental disorders.
2. Forgetting or not learning from the beginning can be beneficial and helpful..
3. The phenom of intrusions show that's it is not only explicit and wilful memory that must be taken into account but there  are also more and different types of memory which  are relevant in disorders.
4. 'Transdiagnostic intrusions".... includes anxiety related memories of the past...includes thoughts about the future and wilful memories.'    

(p.4) 'Intrusions are memories of real events that have taken place in the past.. the memory of the past must not be precise...  we always remember in a selective and biased or distorted way.'

(p.5) 'Intrusions are automatic and unwanted.'

(p.5) '(intrusions) can be elicited by some other stimulus,.. external, internal or  literature stimuli'

(p.5) 'Flashbacks are short pseudo hallucinations, typically visual impressions, like seeing blood running down the wall or dysmorphia, such as walls that are bending... typically occurring after the aftermath of LSD intoxications.'

(p.6) 'Flash backs;
- not a memory but revival
- involuntary
- no subject control
- no story
- Mostly an visual impression
- Reoccurring over and over
- Subjective control in that there is no external stimulus'

(p.6) 'Automatic thoughts;
- involuntary
- No thinking as such but evaluate impressive formation;
- no specific memory of some event but rather summarising memories of repetitive experiences in life
- Responding emotions
- No subjective control in first moment but in passive voluntary secondary appearance
- normal psychological process'

'(Automatic thoughts) they are preconscious but can be made conscious by guided self  observation. Automatic thoughts are not thinking as such but evaluative impressions and feelings.' (P.6)

(p.6)
'One sees "the kitchens a mess..it should be cleaned... nobody is giving me a hand... my husband is no use… maybe I'll ask for a divorce." this is occurring in 400 ms...it is automatic that one does not think about the subject. The impression comes to ones mind is an essence of evaluation of the present situation... memories are often involved because the present evaluation depends on earlier experiences.'

'Automatic in every appear in every person every second, they help us to make judgements of present situations  and to guide our behaviour.' (p.6)

(p.6) 'Longing is an emotion associated with memory, rather than a memory associated with emotion … the emotion of longing occurs if a person is separated from a loved one to whom there is or has been a strong bonding... seen in love sickness or bereavement.'

(p.6) ' The emotion then stimulates thoughts about the past and events together with separated persons... such thoughts and memories become addictive because they are hurting and consoling at the same time.'

(p.7) 'Cognitive rehearsal is the voluntary replay of an earlier or imagined event (Kirn, 2011, Lazuaus 1984).'

(p.7) 'Memory details can be elicited by starting to think about details of the situation, (time of day, colour of the carpet, position one was standing) This allows  reviling of situations in all detail.. one can go through events that happened very quickly in slow motion.'

(p.8) 'Cognitive rehearsal can also be made with a situation that never happened.'

(p.9) ' 'Confabulations are reports about the past that look like memories but that do not refer to any real event and are made up, in the moment to fill memory gaps. (AMDP 1995; Guy, 1982 Moscouitch 1995)'

(p.9) 'Pseudogenes are stories made up in order to make the world look as it was desired... such persons knows the reality is a bit different to what's been told but in essence wish their lie to be true and in longer terms believe by large their own story telling.'

(10) 'Criteria for delusional memories...
- wrong reports about the past
- patients repeat identical memories when asked again
- patients convinced what they remember is right
- In the case of delusional memories, patients can have at the same time a correct recollection of the past.. delusional memories are seen in schizophrenia'

(14) 'When ever some one wants to forget an activity or suppress memories, the memory will become more frequent or vivid'